Not all reactions of a biochemical pathway are spontaneous. Biochemical energy coupling is the way forward if all relevant biochemical reactions must proceed. Energy from thermodynamically favourable processes drive enrgy requiring reactions.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is an important method in molecular biology with application in medicine and diagnostics, forensics, DNA fingerprinting etc.

Advances in molecular biology have seen the development of various deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing techniques such as  Next - Generation Sequencing that employs a number of different modern DNA sequencing technologies. The human genome as well as the genome of several other organisms have now been completely sequenced.